Measurements and Substitutions
Measurements
a pinch....................................... 1/8 teaspoon or less
3 teaspoons................................ 1 tablespoon
4 tablespoons ............................. 1/4 cup
8 tablespoons..............................1/2 cup
12 tablespoons............................ 3/4 cup
16 tablespoons........................... 1 cup
2 cups....................................... 1 pint
4 cups....................................... 1 quart
4 quarts..................................... 1 gallon
8 quarts..................................... 1 peck
4 pecks..................................... 1 bushel
16 ounces................................. 1 pound
32 ounces..................................1 quart
1 ounce liquid.............................2 tablespoons
8 ounces liquid.......................... 1 cup
Use standard measuring spoons and cups. All measurements are level.
Substitutions
Ingredient
baking powder...................1 teaspoon.....................1/4 tsp. baking soda plus
chocolate...........................1 square (1 oz.)..............1/2 tsp. cream of tartar
cornstarch..........................1 tasblespoon................2 T. flour or 2 tsp. quick-cooking tapioca
cracker crumbs...................3/4 cup..........................1 c. bread crumbs
dates.................................1 lb...............................1 1/2 c. dates, pitted and cut
dry mustard........................1 teaspoon ..................1 T. prepared mustard
flour, self-rising....................1 cup...........................1 c. all-purpose flour, 1/2 tsp.
salt, and 1 tsp. baking powder
herbs, fresh..........................1 tablespoon.................1 tsp. dried herbs
ketchup or chili sauce...........1 cup...........................1 c. tomato sauce plus 1/2 c. sugar and
2 T. vinegar (for use in cooking)
milk, sour.............................1 cup............................1 T. lemon juice or vinegar plus sweet
milk to make 1 c. (let stand 5 minutes)
whole................................1 cup..............................1/2 c. evaporated milk plus 1/2 c.
water
min. marshmallows...............10..................................1 lg. marshmallow
onion, fresh..........................1 small...........................1 T. instant minced onion, rehydrated
sugar, brown........................1/2 cup...........................2 T. molasses in 1/2 c. granulated
sugar
powdered.............................1 cup...............................1 c. granulated sugar plus 1 tsp.
cornstarch
tomato juice.........................1 cup................................1/2 tomato sauce plus 1/2 c. water
When substituting cocoa for chocolate in cakes, the amount of flour must be reduced. Brown and white sugars usually can be interchanged.
C° TO F° CONVERSION
120° C....................................250° F
140° C....................................275° F
150° C.....................................300°F
160° C.....................................325° F
180° C.....................................350° F
190° C.....................................375° F
200° C.....................................400° F
220° C.....................................425° F
230° C.....................................450° F
Temperature conversions are estimates.